第四章 非谓语动词
非谓语动词均由动词变化而来,共有三种:不定式、分词、动名词。
# 第一节 不定式
不定式分为两种:to do 不定词和 do原形不定词。如果不特别说明,不定式指的是to do 不定词。
# 不定式作名词
作主语。通常表示意愿或未完成的事。
不定式作主语时,要注意be动词后的表语若为名词通常应表“愿望、目的、企图”的意思
To marry Jane is my dream.
注意:不定式作主语时,若该不定式最后一个词为宾语,可按如下结构变化
Jane is my dream to marry.
不定式作主语时,常用 it 作形式主语
It is my goal to marry her.
作及物动词宾语。该及物动词应表“意愿、企图”的意思
He intended to visit John that morning.
注意:并不是所有表“意愿、企图”的动词都用不定式作宾语,具体还是要根据用的是哪个动词来决定。
不能做介词的宾语。
没有例外。且有时 to 如果作介词用时,就会出现 to doing 的形式。
不能直接作不完全及物动词的宾语,必须使用 it 作形式宾语
I find it interesting to climb mountains.
I made it a rule to get up early.
作be动词后的表语。此时主语应该为表“意愿、企图”的名词。
若此时主语表达了“全体、全部”的意思,此时不定式可以省略 to 而直接使用原形动词
All you have to do is (to) take a good rest.
What you should do is simply (to) apologize to him.
# 不定式作形容词
一般形容词修饰名词时放在名词前面,而不定式修饰名词时一定放在名词后面。
对应关系代词作主语引导的定语从句。
I have no friend who can advise me. -> I have no friend to advise me.
对应关系代词作及物动词的宾语引导的定语从句。
There are many sights which we can see here. -> There are many sights to see here.
被修饰的名词一定要做不定式中动词的宾语,否则就要作介词的宾语。此时介词应放在句尾。
He is a nice man to work with.
不定式通常表示主动语态,如果要表示被动语态要用 to be done
There is something to be done.
不定式置于be动词后,有时作名词用有时作形容词用。
- 作名词用,可以互换前后位置。His plan is to build a house here. -> To build a house here is his plan.
- 作形容词用,不能互换。He is to build a house here. -> To build a house here is he.(❌)
不定式置于be动词后的特殊意义
主动语态:表将来( = will )、表义务( = should )
He is to come tomorrow. -> He is going to come tomorrow.
You are to do it. -> You should do it.
被动语态:表当然( = should )、表可能( = can )
Such a lazy man to be fired. -> Such a lazy man should be fired.
My hat was nowhere to be found. -> My hat was could not be found anywhere.
# 不定式作副词
作副词的不定式可以用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个主句。
# 修饰动词
修饰动词时,该不定式通常表“目的”,此时该不定式同时修饰整个主句。该不定式可以放在主语之前也可以放在动词之后
当放在主语之前时,该不定式同时具有形容词的功能,因此主语必须是不定式动作的发出者,该不定式结束后必须加逗号。
To please her, he sang a song.(⭕️)
To please her, a song was sung. (❌) 因为此时主语 a song 不会 to please her。
当放在主语之后时,该不定式前不能加逗号
表“目的”的副词不定式与 in order to do、so as to do、with an eye to doing、with a view to doing 等价,注意后两个短语中的 to 是介词
# 独立不定式
只修饰整个主句的不定式叫独立不定式,它通常置于句首(也有插入句中的),不用考虑主语是否为不定式动作的发出者。
- To tell the truth, I don't like him.
- He is nice, to be true, but I don't like him.
- He know French, not to mention English.
# 名词短语
名词短语是由疑问词和不定式组合而成的。可以作主语、宾语、be动词的表语。
- how to do it
- what to do
- when to do it
- 等等
# that 从句化简为不定式
- 符合 It seems/appears/happened/chanced/.../ + that从句形式的句子可化简为不定式。
- 符合 be动词 + 过去分词 即 It is said/reported/.../ + that从句形式的句子可化简为不定式。
符合上述两个条件之一的,可按照如下步骤化简:
将句首的 it 替换为 that 从句中的主语;
去掉引导词 that;
若 that 从句时态与主句时态相同,则将动词改为 to do 形式;
若 that 从句时态与主句时态不同,则将动词改为 to have done 形式;
It appears that they are nice. -> They appear to be nice.
It is said that he was a thug in the past. -> He is said to have been a thug in the past.
# prove + to be
prove 可做及物动词,译为“证明”,此时可用名词或名词性从句作宾语。 也可以作不完全不及物动词,译为“显示、竟然是”,等同于 turn out,此时需用“to be + 名词/形容词”作表语,且 to be 可以省略。
The report proved/turned out (to be) true.
# 不定式作宾补
不完全及物动词中的大多数使役动词要用不定式作宾语补语。
但要注意如下情况:
wish 和 hope 可以作完全及物动词,此时不定式可直接作其宾语;同时,其又可作不及物动词,此时应加介词 for,再接名词;
lead 可用不定式作宾补,也可用动名词或名词作宾补;
His speech led me to understand the importance of learning English.
His speech led me to(介词) the understanding that it is importance of learning English.
Allow 和 permit 可以作完全及物动词,此时应用动名词作宾语;同时,其又可作不完全及物动词,此时需用不定式作宾补;
# 不定式表示虚拟语气
当表“意愿”的动词 expect、intend、want、hope 为一般过去时,且接“to have + p.p.”结构时,等同于 would have + p.p.,表与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。当然也可以直接对这些表“意愿”的动词作处理,让其表现虚拟语气。
I expected to have done it, but I was busy. = I would have done it, but I was busy. = I had expected to do it, but I was busy.
Was/were to have + p.p. 等同于 should have + p.p.,也表与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
I was to have done it, but I didn't have time then. = I should have done it, but I didn't have time then.
# 不定式的其他注意事项
不定式的省略。如果不定式中的动词在前面出现过,则该动词可省略,但 to 一定要保留。
You may go if you want to (go).
不定式可形成感叹句。
To think that such a lazy boy should have passed the exam!
# 原形不定式
- can、could、may、will 等助动词后面接原形不定式;
- “看”、“听”、“感觉”等知觉动词后面接原形不定式作宾补,但使用被动语态时,应接 to do不定式;
- let、make、bid、have 等使役动词要接原形不定式作宾补,但使用被动语态时,应接 to do不定式;
- help 作不完全及物动词和不完全不及物动词时,后面应接to do不定式,但 to 通常省略;
使用原形不定式时,还应注意如下特殊结构:
do nothing but + 原形不定词。这里的 but 可以认为是并列连词,该结构等价于 do nothing but + do + 原形不定词,这里的 do 表示对动作的强调;
He did nothing but (did) eat all day.
want/choose/expect/desire nothing but + to + 原形不定式,原理与上面一样,want to、desire to 然后再省略;
He wanted nothing but (wanted to) sleep.
be interested in nothing but + 动名词/名词;
He is interested in nothing but (is interested in) singing.
enjoy nothing but + 动名词/名词;
I enjoy nothing but (enjoy) dancing.
cannot but + 原形不定式、cannot help + 动名词、cannot help but + 原形不定式。
When I heard the story, I couldn't but (could) laugh.
When I heard the story, I couldn't help laughing.
When I heard the story, I couldn't help but (could) laugh.
# 第二节 分词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词。分词在句中主要表示进行、完成或被动的概念。
# 分词作形容词
通常做形容词的分词可解释为:
主动概念:用现在分词,译为“令人...”
The charming lady happens to be John's sister.
被动概念:用过去分词,译为“感到...”或“受到...”
The wounded soldier was rushed to hospital.
进行概念:用现在分词,译为“正在...”或“即将...”
The retiring teacher walked into the classroom.
完成概念:用过去分词,译为“已经...”
The retired soldier died last month.
# 分词作表语
通常只有表“情绪”(如:兴奋、迷人、累、刺激 等等)的动词的分词可以作联系动词的表语。这些动词的分词通常可译为“...的”。这些动词的现在分词可译为“令人...的”,过去分词可译为“感到...的”。
联系动词包括be动词及remain、appear、become 等动词。
He seems tired.
其他动词,即其分词不能译为“...的”的动词,不能做表语,但可以放在be动词后面,但此时它们不是形容词,而是时态的组成部分。
He was writing a letter.
# 分词作宾补
分词可以作不完全及物动词的宾补。并应遵循如下原则:
- 表“情绪”的动词按其要表达的意思选择现在分词还是过去分词;
- 除“情绪”的外的不及物动词作宾补,用现在分词,表主动,不可能出现过去分词;
- 除“情绪”的外的及物动词作宾补,如果动词后面有宾语,表主动,用现在分词;
- 除“情绪”的外的及物动词作宾补,如果动词后面没有宾语,表被动,用过去分词;
# with 复合结构
with 复合结构是一种由 with 引导的短语,用于修饰主语,表示一种与主句动词同时发生的动作。置于句尾。
He talked to me with his legs trembling.
# 分词作名词
凡可译为“...的”的分词,前面加上定冠词 the,就可以作单数或复数名词用,如:the wounded(伤员)、the young(年轻人)。
# 分词作副词
少数现在分词可以作副词用,译为 very,可修饰特定的形容词。
freezing/bitting cold、boiling hot、hopping mad、ripping good
少数过去分词可以作副词用
an estimated + 数字(据估计XX数量...)、a great many (许多)
少数形容词也可以作副词用
dead wrong、awful hot
# 分词表两个动作同时发生
两个同时发生的动作应该用连词连接。此时可用分词化简该句子。
两个动作同时发生。
He comes home and he cried.
He comes home and he is tired.
将连词和第二个动词前的主语去掉,并将动词改成现在分词,若为be动词,则将be动词改成 being,然后省略
He comes home crying.
He comes home (being) tired.
若两个动作先后发生,此时可用不定式化简该句子。此时有表“目的”的意思。
He stood up to smoke a cigarette.
还有一种情况,两个动作之间用逗号隔开,此时统一将第二个动词变成现在分词。
He ran away quickly, looking as if something terrible had happened.
# 化简为分词结构
# 两个由连词连接的句子可以用分词化简
He has nothing to do, and he feels bored.
该句可按照如下步骤化简,通常化简第一句:
去掉连词;
若两句主语相同,将被化简的句子主语删除,若不同则均保留;
被化简的句子动词变成现在分词;
若该动词为be动词,则变成 being 后省略,若不省略,则强调“因为...”的意思。
Having nothing to do, he feels bored.
化简过程中,需要特别注意:
若有否定词,则否定词应置于分词前;
He was not satisfied with the result, he decided to try again. -> Not satisfied with the result, he decided to try again.
do、does、did 可直接删除;
have、has、had 要变成 having;
当两句主语不同时,所形成的分词结构称为独立主格结构。
化简第二句也是可以的。
# 定语从句可以用分词化简
见第三章关系词 -> 第一节关系代词 -> 限制性定语从句化简为分词短语。
# 状语从句用分词化简
由 once、when、while、if、unless、though 等副词连词引导的状语从句,若从句主语与主句主语一致时,可化简为分词结构,方法同**“两个由连词连接的句子可以用分词化简”**。
In those days, when he didn't know how to proceed in an emergency, he would consult his father. -> In those days, when not knowing how to proceed in an emergency, he would consult his father.
注意:once、if、unless 只有在符合“主语 + be + 分词/形容词”结构时才能化简。
- Once I have money, I'll buy a car. -> Once having money, I'll buy a car. (❌)
- Once I am rich, I'll buy a car. -> Once rich, I'll buy a car. (⭕️)
# 表身体组织的名词可变成过去分词当形容词用
big-eyed(大眼睛的)、red-haird(红头发的)、one-leged(独腿的)。
# 少数现在分词可当介词使用
including、excluding、considering、regarding、concerning
Considering his performance, he can be a good teacher.
# 独立分词短语
有些独立分词短语有副词的功能,置于句首,修饰整个句子。如:
generally speaking、strictly speaking、frankly speaking 等等。
# 第三节 动名词
动名词和现在分词长的一样,但是它只能作名词。
# 动名词作主语
动名词作主语表示经验或已知的事情。无论动名词的宾语是否为复数,只要指的是一个动作,就认为是单数。动名词作主语可以用 it 作为形式主语,此时应将动名词变成不定式。
Helping others gives me great pleasure. -> It gives me great pleasure to help others.
# 动名词作be动词的表语
动名词作be动词表语时,其主语应表示经验或已知的事情。be动词后面也会出现现在分词,要注意区分。
动名词作be动词表语时,其与主语是对等的关系,因此可以互换;如果是现在分词则不能互换。
Her hobby is dancing. -> Dancing is her hobby. (⭕️,为动名词,可以互换)
She is dancing. -> Dancing is she. (❌,为现在分词,不能互换)
# 动名词作及物动词宾语
使用动名词还是不定式作宾语是由该动词决定的。需要注意积累。
I anticipate cooperating with him.
# 动名词作介词的宾语
He is fond of taking a walk.
# 名词性从句化简为名词短语
第一章第一节提到过 that 引导的名词性从句不能作介词的宾语,除此以外,that 引导的名词性从句也不可以做 like、dislike、enjoy、mind 等动词的宾语。事实上,任何that引导的名词性从句都可以化简为名词短语。
That he teaches well is something that please me. -> His teaching well is something that pleases me.
# 动名词与名词组合
动名词与名词组合,可以形成复合名词。
- “动名词 + 名词”,后者是前者的功能,此时动名词应译为“用来...”:a walking stick
- “现在分词 + 名词”,后者有前者的性质,此时动名词应译为“正在...”或“会...”:a sleeping baby
# 常用的动名词句型
- There is no + 动名词 (不可能...)
- It is no use + 动名词 (...是无用的)
- cannot help/resist/refrain from/stop + 动名词 (忍不住...)
- on + 动名词 (一...就...)