第八章 副词
除一般的副词外,少数现在分词和形容词也可以做副词用
- It's biting/freezing cold today.
- He is awful mad. 这里 awful 可译为“非常”
- The dress suits me fine. 这里的 fine 等价于 well,译为“令人满意的”
除此以外,good and + 形容词 句型中的,good and 可译为“非常”,等价于 very
It's good and hot today.
# 第一节 副词的功能
修饰动词、形容词和副词
修饰全句,此时副词必须放在句首,并用逗号与主句隔开
Fortunately, he did not die.
# 第二节 副词的位置
be动词之后
助动词之后
一般动词之前
如果修饰动词的某种状态,则应放在该动词之后
She dances beautifully.
如果该副词表肯定、否定、频率,则通常置于动词之前
I really like him.
以上均为一般情况,其他注意事项如下:
在简化结构中的变化
be动词之前
He is really nice. -> He really is.
助动词之前
He can hardly do it. -> He hardly can.
状态副词在被动语态中,通常置于过去分词之前
He did the job well. -> The job was well done.
否定副词置于动词之前
He never chrats.
时间副词:习惯上,遇到长句子,时间副词放句首;遇到短句子,时间副词放句尾
地点副词一般放动词后面
副词对等语在句子中的位置
- 副词短语一般放句尾,但修饰整句的副词短语一般放句首,此时副词短语后应置逗号,但此时要注意不连接修饰的问题
- 不定式短语一般放句尾;但表“目的”的不定式也可以放句首,此时不定式后应置逗号,但此时要注意不连接修饰的问题
- 状语从句可以放句首或句尾,放句首时状语从句后应置逗号
副词应尽量靠近被修饰的动词
# 第三节 重要的副词用法
# very、much
very 不可单独修饰动词,但 very much 可以;very much 一般用于肯定句,且放在句尾
much 一般在疑问句或否定句中修饰动词,一般置于句尾
I don't like living in the country much.
very 可修饰形容词和副词,但在比较级中,要用 much 来修饰
I'm much happier than Peter.
修饰 too 时,只能用 much,不能用 very
凡译为“令人...的”现在分词,均用 very 修饰;凡译为“感到...的”过去分词,可用 very 或 very much 来修饰
very 还可做形容词来修饰名词,放在名词前面,之前加定冠词 the,译为“正是那个”
the very man
# little、a little
little 为否定副词,译为“一点也不”,此时常用来修饰 think、dream、expect,且采用倒装结构
I little thought that you would do it. -> Little did I think that you would do it.
a little 译为“有点儿”
# no longer
等价于 no more、not ... any longer、not ... anymore,译为“不再...”
He is no longer here.
# sometimes、sometime、some time、some times
- sometimes 译为“有时候”,是频率副词,可置于句首或句尾
- sometime 译为“某时(不知何时)”,是时间副词,用于一般过去时或一般将来时
- some time 译为“一段时间”,可置于 for 后,但此时 for 通常省略
- some times 译为“有几次”,等价于 a few times、several times
# ago、before、since、after
ago 表“距现在若干时间以前”,用于一般过去时
before 表“距过去某时若干时间以前”,用于过去完成时
注意:ago 不能单独使用,before 可以,但此时 before 可与现在完成时、过去完成时、一般过去时搭配
since 可做副词连词、副词和介词
副词连词:引导状语从句,修饰现在完成(进行)时或过去完成(进行)时
副词:修饰现在完成(进行)时或过去完成(进行)时,译为“之后”,可置于句尾或完成时助动词have、has、had之后。
I moved here in 2001 and have since studied English.
介词:放在表明确时间的名词之前,since 2002、since Friday
ever 可用来修饰 since
after 修饰过去时,The War ended in 1945, and they lived happily ever after.
# quite、rather
quite 译为“十分地”;rather 译为“相当地”。两词均可以用来修饰原级副词或形容词
quite 还可以修饰名词,但 quite 应放在冠词前面:He is quite a good student. 或者 He is quite good students.
# someday、one day、the other day、some other day
- someday 译为“将来总有一天”,用于将来时
- one day 译为“某日”,表“前几天”,等价于 the other day,用于过去时;也可译为“将来总有一天”,用于将来时
- the other day 译为“那时,前几天”,用于一般过去时
- some other day 译为“改天”,用于一般将来时
# so much so that ...
译为“如此...以致...”,主要用于代替前面出现过的副词或形容词,避免重复。
He studied hard - so much so(代替 hard) that he is sure to pass the exam.
# somewhat、somehow、anyhow
somewhat 译为“有一点儿”,置于被修饰的形容词或副词前面
somehow 译为“不知怎的”,等价于 for some unknown reason,通常置于句首修饰全句;也可译为“设法”,等价于 by some means,修饰动词,置于句尾
He is nice; but somehow I don't like him. (不知怎的)
We must find the money somehow. (设法)
anyhow 译为“况且、而且”,等价于 besides/in addition;也可译为“不管如何”,等价于 anyway/at any rate
# enough
- 作形容词,句型为:enough + 名词 + to do sth 或 enough + 名词 + for sth
- 作副词,句型为:形容词/副词 + enough + to do sth 或 形容词/副词 + enough + for sth
# likely、probably、possibly
均表示“可能的”,可能性从高到低为 likely、probably、possibly
# 简应句
表示“我也是”或“我也不是”的句子称为简单应答句;肯定简应句用 so 或 too,否定简应句用neither、nor、either
肯定简应句:用 so 时需要倒装,置于句首;用 too 是不需要倒装,置逗号后放在句尾。
He is nice, and so is he. -> He is nice, and he is, too.
否定简应句:使用 neither 和 nor 时需要倒装,使用 either 时不需要倒装;使用 neither 和 either 时,需要连词 and;使用 nor 时,不需要连词
He isn't nice, and neither is she. -> He isn't nice, nor is she. -> He isn't nice, and she isn't, either.
# "名词 + 介词 + 名词"短语
此类短语很多,如:hand in hand、side by side 等等
# more than 与 倍数
more than 可置于倍数之前,如:more than three times、more than double
# that 和 this 作副词
The destination is too far away; I can't walk that far.
# 易混淆的副词
close 译为“近”,等价于 near; closely 译为“仔细地、严密的”
most 译为“最”,用于最高级;mostly 译为“大部分、大都”
near 译为“近”;nearly 译为“几乎、差不多”,等价于 almost
near 还有一个固定短语:come near to doing 译为“差一点就...”
high、wide、deep 表“实际空间或尺寸”;highly、widely、deeply 表“程度”
greatly 译为“大量地、大大地”;highly 译为“非常、很”
We think highly of him.