第十三章 介词用法
# 第一节 at
- 在建筑物等小地点内或外面附近,如:邮局、银行、车站、学校
- at + 人:表“对某人”,常与 yell、point、shout、laugh 连用
- at 与名词连用,可表从事某活动:be at work、be at rest
- at 与 度数、程度、价格、年龄 等名词连用:at the price of、at the age of、at the speed of
# 第二节 by
表“在...旁边”,等价于 beside:by the window
表“凭借”,judge A by B(由B来判断A)、tell A by B(由B知道是A)
与表“抓住”的动词连用,表“抓住某个部位”,此处 by 后面只能接 the,不能接所有格
The man seized him by the collar and told him to shut up.
表“经由”:pass by my house
表“差距”,主要为如下用法
be older/younger than + 人 + by two years.
表“按照”:They sell eggs by the dozen.
表“取道”,by way of 等价于 via:come back by way of Hong Kong.
表“乘坐(交通工具)”,交通工具前不能有定冠词或所有格:by bus、by car,注意:步行要用 on foot
表被动语态中的“被”
表“通过、用”:He succeeded by working hard.
by + 时间,译为“最迟不超过某时”:come back by ten.
# 第三节 for
表“动身前往某地”
She set out for America last night.
表“为...的目的”:for the sake of ...
表“赞成”:be for + sth(赞成某事) 等价于 be favor of + sth
表“为了...的原因”:reward + 人 + for + sth(因为某事而奖励某人)
表“当作...”:use A for B(把A当作B使用)、take A for B(误把A当作B)
表“找寻”:look for
表“持续一段时间”:for one year
表“开往(某地的交通工具)”:the flight for ...
表“以...价格”:I bought the book for only $10.
It is + 非表人本性及气质的形容词 + for sb to do...(对某人来说(做)...是...的)
比较:It is + 表人本性及气质的形容词 + of sb to do...(某人做某事实在很...)
# 第四节 from
表“从...”:from A to B、from what he said
be made from ... 译为“由...做的(从成品很难看出原料)”;比较:be made of... 译为“由...做的(可由成品看出原料)”
表“戒掉”:refrain from
与表“禁止、阻止、保护”等动词连用,表“免于”
ban/prohibit/restrict/restrain sb from + 动名词,译为“禁止某人做某事”
prevent/stop/keep sb from + 动名词,译为“阻止某人做某事”
protect sb from + 动名词,译为“保护某人免于...”
比较:forbid sb to do
# 第五节 in
表“在...之内”,如:建筑物、空间、书、文件、公司等
in the house、in this company
表“穿、戴”:be dressed in white;表“穿”的动作为 put on
in + 一段时间,表“在一段时间之后”,等价于 一段时间 + later;如表“一段时间之内”,则等价于 within
表“以...(颜色、工具等)”:in pencil、in chalk
表“按...次序”:in alphabetical order
表“用...语言、声音”:in English、speak in a low voice;注意:带有某口音用 with,with a heavy Japanese accent.
# 第六节 on
表“接触在某物的表面”:on the table、on the roof
与表“距离”的名词连用:go on a trip、go on an excursion
与表“差遣”的名词连用:be on an errand、be on a mission
与表“约会”的名词连用:be on a date with sb
与表“特殊饮食”的名词连用:be on a diet
与run、go等动词连用,表“持续的动作”:be on the run、be on the go
与“平地”或“大陆”等名词连用:on campus、on the mainland
与表“线状、线条”意味的名词连用:live on the street、on the coast、on the frontier
表“凭、靠”:on foot
表“根据、遵照”:act on one's advice、act on one's order
与表“电话、无线电”等名词连用:on the telephone、on the radio
与表“赞美、恭贺”的名词连用,表“为了、因为...”:congratulate sb on + 名词/动名词
与“日子”连用
on sunday、on December 11
表“请客”:Everything is on me. 注意 on the house 可表示“主人请客”
on call(随时待命)、on duty(值班、上班时间中)
# 第七节 to
表“到达、往”:go to the station、turn to the right、be moved to tears、up to + 数词(多达)
与“人”连用,表“对某人而言”:be everything to sb(是某人的一切)
表“针对”:the key to success、the answer to the question、the solution to the problem
表“附加”:the annex to the building(大楼的附属建筑)、the amendment to the constitution(宪法修正案)
与表“情绪”的名词连用,形成“to one's + 情绪名词,...”,译为“令某人...的是, ...”
to one's surprise、to one's joy
表“配合音乐节拍”:dance to the music
be up to + 事情,表“从事某事”,通常指令人怀疑或不好的事,常用于问句
What are you up to?
# 第八节 with
表“使用(某物)”,cut it with a knife
与“人”连用,表“跟随(某人)、和(某人)”:do it with me
表“有...、随着...”,可置于句首或名词之后
With your help, I have nothing to worry about.
a girl with big eyes
用于表示两个动作同时发生,后一个动作常与 with 搭配
He was talking to me with a pipe in his mouth.
与表“疾病”有关的词连用,等价于 be ill with、come down with、be infected with
Her father fell ill with lung cancer last month.
表“因为”,与 what 连用:What with his laziness and illness, he was fired.
with 的其他用法
- leave sth with sb 把某物留给某人
- compare A with B 将A与B作比较
- be popular with + 一群人 在某一群人中受欢迎
- be wrong with sb 某人出了差错
# 第九节 about
- 表“环绕”,等价于 around:sit about the campfire
- 表“有关”,等价于 on、concerning、regarding
# 第十节 after
- 表“在(一段时间)之后”
- 表“追逐”:be after + 人、run after + 人
- 表“像、模仿”:take after
# 第十一节 toward
- 表“朝向”:toward sb、toward the station、toward evening
- 表“对于”:one's attitude toward/to ... (某人对...的态度)
# 第十二节 except
表“除了”,通常与表“完全”意义的形容词(all、every、any、no)连用
All except him will go.
表“只可惜...”或“只不过是...”,其后常用 that从句 或 “for + 名词”
# 第十三节 behind
- 表“在...之后”,与 after 的差别在于:after 常用于动词后面;而 behind 用于名词前面
- 表“落后”:behind schedule 比预定时间落后
# 第十四节 into
- 表“进入”,用于动词之后,表动态的意思:walk into the calssroom
- run into + 人,译为“与某人巧遇”
- 表“转变成”:turn/change/transform A into B;translate A into B 把A翻译成B
- 与be动词连用,表“热衷于...”:He is into classical music.
# 第十五节 within
- 表“在...之内”,指某空间或时间内,等价于 in:within the country、within an hour
- 表“在...范围内”:act within the law
# 第十六节 without
- 表“没有、无...”:coffee without sugar、without his help
- 与 without 有关的短语:can do without...、cannot do without...
- It goes without saying + that从句,译为“不用说,...”
# 第十七节 above
- 表“在...上”,通常指空间、离开地面或某物体表面之上,等价于 over:fly above the city
- 表“地理位置在...的上方”:locate above A on the map
- 表“超过、超越”,与数词相连:above the age of
- be above + 动名词(不屑、不愿做某事)、be not above + 动名词(愿意做某事)
# 第十八节 over
表“在...之上”,通常为悬空状态,等价于 above
表“覆盖在...之上”,为有接触的状态:put one's hands over one's face(把某人的手放在某人的脸上)
表“(悬空)略过”,常与 jump 连用:jump over the wall(跳过这座墙)
与地方名词连用,表“在某地方的另一头”:somewhere over there
与数词连用,表“超过”
与表“驾驭”的名词或动词连用:control over、rule over
与三餐、茶、咖啡连用,表示“吃、喝了...一段时间”,常与 talk 搭配
We talked over a cup of tea.
# 第十九节 below
- 表“在(某物)的下方”:write below the line 写在横线下方
- 表“(数量等)少于...;(地位等)低于...”
# 第二十节 beneath
- 表“在(某空间)之正下方”
- 表“(身份、地位、智力等)低于...”,相当于 below
- 表“与...不相称;不值得”:It is beneath sb to + 原形动词(从事...有失某人的身份)、marry beneath oneself(与身份比自己低的人结婚)
# 第二十一节 under
- 表“在(某物体)的下面”:under the tree、under the bed
- 表“低于...;少于...”:under seven years old
- 表“在...支配、控制、影响下”:under the president、under the influence of drugs
- 表“承受着(重担、压力等);在...的情况、状态下”:under the heavy pressure of work、under any circumstances、under construction
- 表“接受(考验、刑罚、手术等)”:under an eye operation、under penalty
- 表“以...的名义、形式;假借...”:under a false name、under the guise of a woman
- 表“依照、按照(约定、命令等)”
- 表“属于...项目”:Novels come under literature.
# 第二十二节 underneath
- 表“在...之下”,等价于 under 或 beneath:underneath the table
# 第二十三节 其他
against
- 表“对抗、抵制、反对”:be against a plan
- 表“顶着”:lean against the wall
- 表“以...为背景”:That color looks good against your skin
along
表“沿着...”:walk along the river
表“顺畅”:get along with 人
与介词 with 连用,形成 along with,表“以及”,等价于 together with
He, along with me, enjoys music.
before
- 表“在...之前”:stand before the car、before June
beyond
- 表“超越”:be beautiful beyond description、beyond one's expectation
during
- 表“在(一段时间)期间”:during his stay here、during the two months
through
- 表“经过”:walk through the crowd 走过人群
- 表“取道、通过”:travel through Hong Kong
- 表“凭借”:through one's help、through the magazine
- 表“从(活动等)从开始到结束”:through the whole meeting
- 表“整段时间”:through the day、through the night
besides
- 表“除了...之外”,等价于 in addition to:besides + 名词、动名词,译为“除了...之外”
till、until
- 均表“直到...”,但 until 较 till 正式
- stay here till ten = stay here until ten
- from...till... (从...到...) = from...to...
since
- 表“自从...”,通常与完成时连用,since + 时间名词/动名词
beside
表“在...旁边”,等价于 by:sit beside me
表“与...相较”,等价于 compared with 或 in comparsion with
Beside him, I'm nothing.