第五章 助动词和易用错的动词
# 第一节 主动词
助动词用来帮助动词表现出时态、语态、否定、疑问等变化。
# be动词
- be + 现在分词 = 进行时
- be + 及物动词的过去分词 = 被动语态
# have、has、had
have、has、had + 过去分词 = 完成时
# do、does、did
- do + not = 否定句，注意：除 not 以外的否定词不需要和 do 配合使用。
- do + 主语 + 动词 = 一般疑问句
- 疑问词 + do + 主语 + 动词 = 特殊疑问句
- do + 动词 = 强调，此时 do 可译为“的确”
- 祈使句中，Do + 动词 = 非常强调，此时 do 可译为“务必”
- 否定词 + do + 主语 + 动词 = 否定倒装句
- 代动词，指代前面提到过的动词
# shall、will
- 均可表“将要”，之后接原形动词，该用法下基本只用 will
- 表“征求对方意见” Shall I ...？等价于 Would you like me to...，译为“要不要我...”
- 表“请求对方合作”，如：Shall we go for a walk？ Let's go for a walk,shall we? 译为“我们...好吗？”
- 表“命令对方” You shall ... 等价于 You must ...，译为“你必须...”
- 表“向对方保证承诺” You shall ... 等价于 I promise that you will ...，译为“你一定会...”
# should
后面接原形动词。
主要用来表“义务”，译为“应当”，等价于 ought to
We should be kind to others.
在如下结构中也习惯使用，注意其意义的不同
It is natural/proper/right/advisable/no wonder + that ... should 译为“...会...”
It is natural that he should get angry.
It is necessary/imperative/essential/important/urgent + that ... should 译为“...应当...是有必要的”
It is necessary that he (should) finish the work before leaving. 此句型中 should 可以省略
It is surprising/amazing + that ... should ... 译为“令人惊异的是...居然...”
It is surprising that he should be so kind.
It is a pity/a regret/regrettable + that ... should ... 译为“令人遗憾的是...居然...”
It is a pity that he should be so rude.
表“建议”(propose、recommend、suggest)；表“要求”(ask、demand、desire、require、insisit、request)、表“命令”(order、command)、表“规定”(rule、regulate)等意志动词后，若有 that 从句，则其中使用 should，但 should 往往被省略
He suggested that we (should) leave at once.
lest 表“以免”引导的从句应用 should，但 should 往往被省略
He came early lest he (should) be late.
If 从句若表与将来事实相反是，应用 should，译为“万一”
If you should be late again, you will spoil the plan.
在一般过去时中，should 替代 shall
I said to him,"I shall be at home this evening". -> I said to him that I should be at home this evening".
should have + 过去分词
表与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，译为“早应...”
If you had not helped me, I should have died.
译为“居然已经”，非虚拟语气
It is surprising that he should have passed the examination.
# would
后面接原形动词。
是 will 的过去式，用以表过去将来时，即在过去的时间点表示将来
Did you know when he would come?
would + 动词原形、would have + 过去分词
表与现在事实相反的虚拟语气
If I had money now, I would buy a car.
表与过去事实相反的虚拟语气
If I had had money then, I would have bought a car.
I would rather + that从句 等价于 I wish + that从句，译为“我多么希望...”，为虚拟语气
与现在事实相反
I would rather (that) he were here.
与过去事实相反
I would rather (that) he had been here yesterday.
would rather + 原形动词，译为“宁愿...”
I would rather go than stay here.
would you mind + 动名词/if从句? 等价于 Do you mind + 动名词/if从句?，但语气更客气，译为“您不介意...?”
Would you mind doing it for me?
# can、could
表“能力”，等价于 be able to，译为“能够”
He can cope with the problem.
表“可能性”，译为“可以”
在疑问句或否定句中，表“可能性”，译为“有可能”或“不可能”
表对过去事实的否定推断，can't have + 过去分词，译为“不可能曾...”
He is so honest that he can't have stolen your money yesterday.
can 只能表否定推断，表肯定推断用：must have + 过去分词，译为“一定曾经...”；may have + 过去分词，译为“可能曾经...”
He looks nervous; he may have stolen you money.
could 是 can 的过去式，通常在过去时间或动词搭配，保持时态一致，表过去的状态
She could speak English well when she was ten.
与 would 一样表示客气的语气
Could you please do it for me?
could 等价于 was/were able to，表示过去的能力
When young, he could eat eight bowls of rice at a time.
can 的其他习惯用法
- I can but/only do it.
- I cannot but laugh.
- We caonnot be too careful in choosing friends.
- I couldn't care less.
- I couldn't agree more.
# may、might
后面接原形动词。
表“许可”，译为“可以”
You may take whatever you like.
和 could、would 一样 might 在问句中表客气的语气
表“推测”，译为“可能”，等价于 can
It may be true.
may not 有两个意思：可能不会；不可以，此时等价于 must not
- It's getting late; he may not come.
- You may not cheat during exams.
might 是 may 的过去式，通常在过去时间或动词搭配，保持时态一致，表过去的状态
He said that I might go.
might + 原形动词、might have + 原形动词，用于虚拟语气
与现在事实相反
If he tried hard, he might succeed.
与过去事实相反
If he had tried hard, he might have succeed.
may 的其他习惯用法
may well + 原形动词，译为“大可/足可以...”
He knows so many things that he may well be called a genius.
may as well + 原形动词，译为“不妨...”语气较缓和
比较：had better + 原形动词，译为“最好...”语气强烈，两者用法完全相同
may as well + 原形动词 + as + 原形动词，译为“与其...倒不如...”，表较大的可能性，此时等价于 had better + 原形动词 + than + 原形动词
You may as well stay home as go out with them.
比较：might as well + 原形动词 + as + 原形动词，也译为“与其...倒不如...”，但表较小的可能性
You might as well die as make friends with Mary.
# must
后面接原形动词。
must 与 have to 比较
must 表“义务”，译为“必须”； have to 有勉强的意思，译为“有必要”
You must finish the work before leaving.
You have to be kind to others.
must 只能表将来和现在的状态，且必须用时间副词表示时间；have to 可以表过去、现在和将来的状态，可用结构来表示时间
You must come tomorrow.
You had to come.
否定时：must not = may not，译为“不可以”；don't have to = need not，译为“不必”
must 可以作对现在或过去状况的推论
- 对现在状况的推论：It must be true.
- 对过去状况的推论：It must have rained last night.
# ought to
后面接原形动词。
表“义务”，译为“应当”，等价于 should
表“推论”，译为“应该会”
Since he works hard, he ought to succeed.
ought to have + 过去分词
表与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，译为“本应该...”
If he had worked hard, he ought to have been successful.
表“推论到目前为止已完成的动作”，常与 by now 连用
He ought to have arrived in New York by now.
# need
在肯定句中，need 为一般动词，译为“必须”或“需要”，接不定式或名词作宾语
The car needs to be clear. = The car needs clearing. 当表某物需要用某方法处理时，不定式要用被动语态，动名词仍用主动语态
在否定句中，可以与 not 连用，此时为助动词，但仍可以继续当一般动词用
He need not go. -> He doesn't need to go.
表过去状况
非虚拟语气 didn't need to + 原形动词
He didn't need to attend the party, so he stayed home. 他不需要去，且事实如此
虚拟语气 need not have + 过去分词
He needn't have attended the party, but he went there just the same. 他不需要去，但还是去了
在疑问句中，need 可做一般动词或助动词
Does he need to go? = Need he go?
need 在反意疑问句中可做一般动词或助动词，但前后需要呼应
- He need to go, doesn't he? need 为一般动词
- He doesn't need to go, does he? need 为一般动词
- He need not go, need he? need 为助动词
# dare
在肯定句中，dare 是一般动词，接不定式做宾语
He dared to go.
在否定句中作助动词或一般动词；在疑问句中作助动词
- He dare not go. 为助动词，所以 dare 没有 s
- Dare he go？ 为助动词
- He don't dare (to) go. 为一般动词，此时 to 可以省略
作形容词，how dare + 一般陈述句，译为“...怎敢...?”
How dare you say such a thing to me?
在 whether 从句中，dare 作助动词
I wonder whether he dare do it.
dare也可做及物动词，译为“向某人挑战” 等价于 challenge sb to + 原形动词
He dare me to jump the stream.
I daresay + that从句，译为“我敢说...”，that 可以省略
I daresay (that) he will be late again. 注意 daresay 是一个词
# used to
在陈述句、否定句、疑问句中均为助动词，译为“过去曾经、过去曾有”。各句型分别如下：
- He used to live there.
- Used there to be a pond in this garden? 疑问句
- I didn't use to like coffee, but I'm quite fond of it now. 否定句还是要 do 来帮忙，没有used not 的用法
- 当主语为人时，疑问句应为 Did he use to work hard? 避免出现 Used he to work hard？
如下结构中，used to 不是助动词，而是 use 的过去分词
人 + be used to + 名词/动名词，译为“某人习惯于...”，此时类似于 be accustomed to
He is used to wroking alone.
He hasn't been/got used to city life yet.
物 + be used to + 原形动词，译为“被用来...”
The book can be used to teach us English writing.
物 + be used as + 名词，译为“被用来...”
The knife was used as a weapon.
# 第二节 易用错的动词
# lie、lay
- lie 不及物从词，译为“躺”，lie、lay、lain、lying
- lie 不及物动词，译为“说谎”，lie、lied、lied、lying
- lay 及物动词，译为“放置、生产”，lay、laid、laid、laying
- He lay on the bed a while ago. 躺
- He lied to me. 说谎
- A book has been lain on the desk. 放置
# sit、set、seat
- sit 不及物动词，译为“坐”，sit、sat、sat、sitting
- set 及物动词，译为“安置”，set、set、set、setting
- seat 及物动词，译为“使就坐”，seat、seated、seated、seating
# rise、raise、arise、arouse
- rise 不及物动词，译为“起床、升起”，rise、rose、risen、rising
- raise 及物动词，译为“举起、饲养”，raise、raised、raised、raising
- arise 不及物动词，译为“起因于”，与from连用，arise、arose、arisen、arising
- arouse 及物动词，译为“激起”，arouse、aroused、aroused、arousing
# hang
- hang (不)及物动词，译为“挂”，hang、hung、hung、hanging
- hang 不及物动词，译为“吊死”，hang、hanged、hanged、hanging
# fly、flow
- fly 不及物动词，译为“飞”，fly、flew、flown、flying
- flow 不及物动词，译为“流”，flow、flowed、flowed、flowing
# take、bring
- take 译为“(从此处)拿走”：Take the book to the library, please.
- bring 译为“(从别处)拿来”：Bring them back here.
# refuse、reject
- refuse 译为“拒绝”，refuse + 名词、refuse + 不定式，refuse 不能接 that 从句
- reject 译为“排斥”，reject + 动名词
# spend
句型：人 + spend + 时间/金钱 + 动名词/on 名词
# take、cost
- 句型：It takes + (人) + 时间 + to do
- 句型：It costs + (人) + 金钱 + to do
# answer、reply on
句型：answer + 名词 = reply to + 名词，译为“回答...”
注意：answer 后面可接 that从句；reply to 后面不能接 that从句，应去掉 to 后接 that从句
# reach、get to、arrive in/at
- reach + 宾语，译为“到达...”
- get to + 宾语，译为“到达...”
- arrive + in(大地方)/at(小地方)
# 动词 + 介副词 + 宾语
等价于 动词 + 宾语(普通名词、专有名词、代词) + 介副词
这类组合很多，如：bring up、try on、turn on ...
名词一般可以放在介副词前面或后面，但是代词一定要放在介副词前面
- We have to carry out that mission. -> We have to carry that mission out.
- We have to carry it out.(⭕️) -> We have to carry out it.(❌)
# 动词 +介词 + 宾语
与前面一种情况不同，有些 动词 + 介词 的组合是不能拆分的。
# prefer
- prefer + 名词/动名词 + to(介词) + 名词/动名词
- prefer to + 原形动词 + (instead of + 动名词)/(rather than + 原形动词)
# mind
mind + if从句 = mind + 动名词，两种句型可以相互转化
Would you mind if I opened the door? -> Would you mind my opening the door?
# prevent
prevent/ban/bar/prohibit sb from 动名词，均有“禁止某人做某事”的是意思，forbid 也是这个意思，但用法为：forbid sb to V
# encourage
encourage/discourage sb to V，分别译为“鼓励某人做某事”、“阻止某人做某事”
# persuade
- persuade sb to V，译为“劝某人去...”
- dissuade sb from Ving，译为“劝阻某人做...”
# resemble sb/sth
You resemble your brother. -> You bear a close resemblance to your brother. 划线部分均可用 look like 替代
# decide、determine
- decide 译为“决定要”，可接不定式和名词性从句
- determine 译为“判定”，可接名词和名词性从句
- determined 译为“下定决心的”，句型为 be determined to V
# afford
有 afford + 名词 和 afford + 不定式 两种句型
# wait、await
wait for sb/sth = await sth，译为“等候”；wait one's turn 译为“等候某人的机会”
# succeed、fail
- succeed 表“成功”，句型为 succeed in + 名词/动名词
- succeed 表“继承”，句型为 succeed + 人 + as ... 译为“继承某人担任...职位”
- fail in + 动名词 或 fail + 名词
# depend
depend 不及物动词，译为“依情形而定”；depend on 可接宾语，译为“依赖”