第十章 比较结构
比较结构用到的副词有两个：as用于原级比较；than用于一般比较
# 第一节 一般比较结构
# 比较级
一般比较结构用到的副词是 than，它用于连接两个相同的句子，并且将第二句中重复的部分省略。
He works less enthusiastically than Peter works enthusiastically.
注意：其中的重复的 be动词、助动词 可直接保留，也可以省略；一般动词应用 do 来替代，并且可以省略
注意事项：
单音节的形容词或副词的比较级应对该词 +er 作变化；大于等于三字节的形容词或副词的比较级，应在该词前面置 more；等于两字节形容词或副词的比较级，用两种方式变化都可以
less 后面的形容词或副词的比较级均使用原形
He is less hardworking than John.
与本身作比较，通常是用现在状况与过去状况作比较，因为主句为一般现在时、than从句为一般过去时
than从句中的 主语和be动词、情态动词、一般动词不能省略，其中一般动词要改为 did
He is healthier than he was.
若 than从句中与主句存在对等的介词短语，或 than从句有 when从句修饰时，than从句中的主语和动词可以省略
He is happier with Mary than
he is happywith Jane. 其中的介词千万不能省略。当 than从句 的一般动词后有宾语时，该动词可用 did、do、does替代，但是不要省略
I love you than I love Mary. -> I love you than I do Mary.
如：perfect、sublime、noble、extreme、superb、excellent 等形容词，已经时最高级了，因此不能再用于比较级
有些以 -ior 结尾的词本身就是比较级，因此没有 more + 此类形容词 的表达
同范围与不同范围的比较，同范围比较时，比较对象中通常含有 other，而不同范围比较则没有
John is better than any other student in his class. 同范围
John is better than any student in Mary's class. 不同范围
be getting more and more + adj，译为“变得越来越...”，等价于 be getting 比较级adj + and 比较级adj，等价于 be getting increasely + adj。
修饰比较级的副词有：far、much、a lot、a great many、still、even
# 最高级
最高级副词有 most 和 least 两个，可以用来修饰句中的形容词、副词和动词
- 形容词：She is the least beautiful girl that I've ever seen.
- 副词：He treats people least politely.
- 动词：I need you least.
注意事项：
最高级的比较对象一定是三者及以上，通常出现在以下两个结构
of/among the three/four/.../all
最高级形容词 + 名词 + 关系代词that + 定语从句
John is the most responsible man (that) I've ever know.
在最高级副词修饰动词或副词时，the 可以省略，但在修饰名词时，一定要置 the
当最高级形容词修饰名词时，后面的名词可以省略
She is the most beautiful girl of all. -> She is the most beautiful of all.
最高级与比较级及同级比较的互换
- He is the best student of all. -> No one else is better than he. -> No one else as good as he.
带有 the 的最高级副词或形容词，可用 by far 及 much 两个副词修饰，其中 by far 较为常用
She is by far the most beautiful girl in town.
# 第二节 原级比较结构
原级比较结构用到的副词是 as，它用于连接两个相同的句子，并且将第二句中重复的部分省略。
He is as prudent as John is prudent. -> He is as prudent as John.
注意：其中的重复的 be动词、助动词 可直接保留，也可以省略；一般动词应用 do 来替代，并且可以省略
当 as从句 或 that从句 后面有定语从句时，as从句 或 that从句 可使用倒装结构
He is as prudent as is John, who is a good friend of mine.
as...as... 可用于肯定句或否定句；so...as... 只能用于否定句
# 第三节 比较的其他重要用法
as...as... 只能与单数可数名词连用
He is as handsome a boy as John.
as...as one can 等价于 as...as possible，译为“尽可能地...”
You must study as hard as you can.
as...as any，译为“与任何人一样”
as...as ever，译为“与以往一样”
as...as ever lived，等价于 one of the + 最高级 ... + that ever lived，译为“古今最...之一”
两个形容词的比较，结构为 more...than，两个形容词均用原级
He is more good than bad.
# 倍词造句
第一种：倍数词 + as ... as ...，译为“是...的几倍”
第二种：more than + 倍数词 + as ... as ...，译为“是...的几倍都不止”
第三种：倍数词 + the(或所有格) + 名词，译为“是...的几倍”
第四种：more than + 倍数词 + the(或所有格) + 名词，译为“是...的几倍”
He is three times as heavy as I.
除了整数倍外，分数也是倍数词：one third、two thirds ...；分数词由基数词+序数词组成，如果基数词大于1，则序数词要 + s
其他的比较结构
twice as ... as ...，译为“是...的两倍”、one and a half times as...as...，译为“是...的一倍半”；as many as + 数词 + 复数名词，译为“多达...”；同理还有 as wide as + 数词 + 名词 之类的结构
not so much ... as ...，译为“与其说是...倒不如说是...”，该句型中可以置形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式和动词
not so much as ...，译为“甚至都不...”，等价于 not even
the + 比较级..., the + 比较级...，译为“越...就越...”
The more you love me, the nicer I'll be to you.
all the + 比较级 + for + 名词 或 all the + 比较级 + because从句，译为“即令...却更加...；就是因为...却更加...”
I like him all the better for his stubbornness.
none the + 比较级 + for + 名词 或 none the + 比较级 + because从句，译为“即使...却一点也不...”
She is none the more beautiful because she wears a fancy dress.
none the less + 形容词/副词 + for + 名词 或 none the less + 形容词/副词 + because从句，译为“即使...却仍然...”
He studied none the less hard because he had failed the exam.
no more ... than ...，译为“...不是...正如...不是...”
He is no more a student than I (am).
no less ... than ...，译为“和...一样...”
He is no less good at English than John (is).
not more ... than ...，译为“没有比...更...”
She is not more beautiful than Mary (is).
not less ... than ...，译为“至少与...一样...”
She is not less beautiful than Mary (is).
no more than + 数词 + 名词，译为“最多不超过...”
It takes no more than ten minutes to get there on foot.
not more than + 数词 + 名词，译为“最多不超过...”
I'll stay here not more than three days.
no less than + 数词 + 名词，译为“至少、不少于...”
That lawyer earns no less than 500,000 dollars a year.
at most + 数词，译为“最多不超过”
He is at most ten years old.
at best ...，译为“充其量、只不过是...”，等价于 nothing but...
He is at best a second-rate musician.
much less...，译为“更不用说...”，有肯定句和否定句的区别
- 肯定句：She can drive a truck, much less (drive) a car.
- 否定句：She cannot drive a car, much less (drive) a truck.