第二章 两句的连接方法
两句的连接方法有：破折号(-)、冒号(😃、分号(😉、并列连词、副词连词五种。
# 第一节 连接符号
# 破折号(-)
破折号可用来连接句子或同位语，要注意与连字符(-)相区分，后者是连接单词形成复合词的。
连接句子。破折号连接两个句子时，作用是强调第一个句子，以补充意思的不足。此时破折号可译为“也就是说”、“换句话说”。
He is trash - he is good for nothing. -> He is trash. That is to say, he is good for nothing.
连接同位语。用以补充说明前面的名词。
His hobby - taking pictures - is far more interesting than mine.
# 冒号(😃
冒号只能用来连接句子，该句子是对前面名词的说明。
He has made his goal known: he wants to be a scientist.
# 分号(😉
分号可用来连接句子或对等语。
代替逗号和连词。分号 = “逗号 + 练词”。
He is a man of principle; we all respect him. -> He is a man of principle , and we all respect him.
取代逗号使句子结构清晰。此时分号连接的是对等语。
He said that he had no money; that, because of his ill temper; he had no friends to count on; and that he expected me to help him.
# 第二节 并列连词
并列连词在连接两个主句(非同一主句的两个并列的从句)时，通常在并列连词前面需要加逗号。
He words hard, and his father proud of him. 连接两个主句。
Did he fail because he was lazy or because he was careless? 连接同一主句的两个并列的从句。
# 基本并列连词
基本的并列连词有三个：and、or、but，并列连词可用来连接对等的单词、短语或句子。
He and I enjouy singing.
Does he work in Beijing or in Shanghai.
I like John, who is easy to get along with but whose brother is too arrogant to associate with.
基本并列连词有时也可以置于句首并大写，但此时必须有上下文，不能只有单独一句。
# 衍生并列连词
除上述三个并列连词外，还有许多表示衍生的并列连词，这些衍生并列连词用来连接两个对等的部分，但并不是所有衍生并列连词都可以连接单词、短语或句子。
# as well as ... 和 rather than ...
两者都可以用来连接单词、短语或句子。
He came here to learn English as well as to know more about life.
He failed because he was lazy rather than because he was not intelligent.
注意：两者如果连接两个主语时，该句动词应该按照第一个主语做变化。两个主语均用主格。
He as well as I is interested in music.
与 as well as 应译为“以及...”，其同义的用法还有 no less than、together with、along with。但要注意，使用 as well as 和 no less than 时，第二个主语用主格，因为它俩是并列连词；但是，使用 together with 和 along with 时，第二个主语用宾格，因为它俩是介词。
与 rather than 应译为“而非...”，其同义的用法还有 instead of、not。但要注意，使用 instead of 时，第二个主语用宾格，因为它是介词；使用 not 时，第二个主语用主格，因为它是并列连词，但是 not 前面必须加逗号。
如：He, not I, is interested in music. I like this book, not that one.
# both ... and ... / either ... or ... / neither ... nor ... / not ... but ... / not only ... but alse ...
意思分别为：both...and...(一方面...同时也...)、either...or...(要么是...要么是...)、neither...nor...(不是...也不是...)、not...but...(不是...而是...)、not only...but alse...(不仅...而且...)。
注意：**both...and...**后面永远使用复数的动词形式，无论其中的两个主语是可数或不可数名词；除此以外，其他各连词连接主语时，动词要根据最近的主语作单复数变化。
注意：both ... and ... / either ... or ... / neither ... nor ... / not ... but ... 四个连词通常用来连接单词和短语，而不能用来句子；not only ... but alse ... 可以用来连接单词、短语和句子，但是用来连接句子时，not only引导的句子需要使用倒装结构。此倒装结构的变化规则与一般疑问句的变化规则类似。
注意：not only ... but alse ...用于连接单词和短语时，but alse 不能分开；但是用于连接句子时，but alse必须分开，且 alse 可以省略，如果不省略，则应放在助动词后面或一般动词前面。
not only ... but alse ... 有如下等价表示，用法完全相同：
- not merely ... but alse ...
- not just ... but alse ...
- 上述三种形式又均有此等价表示：not only/merely/just ... but ... as well，as well 放在句尾。
# nor
nor 可以认为是否定的and，它只能用于连接两个否定句，且由 nor 引导的句子不能再有否定词(因为 nor 就是否定词)，且该句子应该倒装。
# 第三节 副词连词
副词连词只能用来连接句子，不能用来连接单词或短语。被副词连词引导的句子成为状语从句，状语从句不能单独存在，状语从句通常可视为修饰整个主句的副词。
状语从句可以在主句前面也可以在主句后面。在主句前面时，则必须在状语从句结束后即主句开始前置逗号；在主句后面时，则不必置逗号。
# 要避免双重连接。
because 和 so 不能连用；though/although/even if/even though 和 but 不能连用。
# 条件句与主句的时态
以 when(当)、if(如果)、as soon as(一旦)、once(一旦)、unless(除非) 等副词练词引导的状语从句，可形成条件句，此时如果主句表将来的情况，用一般将来时，该条件句应该用一般现在时或现在完成时。
As soon as I have done it, I'll let you know.
# 连接性副词
首先，连接性副词是副词不是连词，因此它不能直接用来连接两个句子；其次，连接性副词又有连接的意思。连接性副词在连接连接两句时需要在该连接性副词前面加分号。
# however、nevertheless
两者都是“然而”的意思，在意思上与连词 but 相同。
He is nice; however/nevertheless, I don't like him. 或者 He is nice. However/Nevertheless, I don't like him.
注意：however 和 nevertheless 后面通常要加逗号。同时 however 还可以放在主语后面，此时其两边都要加逗号。
He is nice; I, however, don't like him. 或者 He is nice. I, however, don't like him.
# therefore、thus
两者都是“因此”的意思，在意思上与连词 so 相同。
therefore 之后通常要加逗号，而 thus 后面不加逗号。
therefore 也可以放在主语后面，此时其两边都要加逗号。
# otherwise
otherwise 表“否则”的意思，在意思上与连词 or 相同。
You must work hard; otherwise I'll fire you.
# moreover、futhermore、in addition
三者都是“此外”的意思，在意思上与连词 and 相近。
注意：此三者只能置于主语前，不能插入句中。
# besides
besides 也是“此外”的意思，但它通常用于否定或消极意味的句子中。其他的“此外”通常用于肯定或积极意味的句子中
注意：besides 也只能置于主语前，不能插入句中。
# while的两种用法
while 既可以作副词练词，译为“当...时”，也可以作并列连词，译为“然而...”。
副词连词：While I was writing a letter, she was doing the dishes.
并列连词：与 whereas 相似，但是 whereas 不能放在句首。
He is nice, while/whereas his brother is bad. 或者 While he is nice, his brother is bad.
# 其他重要的副词连词
# as
译为“当...”时，相当于 when。 As I was young, I was quite happy.
译为“虽然”时，相当于 though。但又如下句型变化。
Though he is rich, he isn't happy. -> Rich as he is, he isn't happy. -> As rich as he is, he isn't happy.
译为“因为”时，相当于 because。As he has apologized to me, I'm going to forgive him.
# where
where 是副词连词，但是可以通过 in the place where 的用法转变为关系副词。
Where I live, people are very nice. -> In the place where I live, people are very nice.
# once、as soon as
两者用法相同，均可译为“一旦”。
Once you hear any good news, let me know.
# so that
表“这样的话；以便”的意思，且 so that 引导的状语从句用含有助动词 may、will、can 等。
注意在日常使用中，that 可以省略。
I got up early so (that) I could go to school on time. 此时 so 译为“这样的话；以便”。
# so ... that ...
表“如此...以至于...”，在日常使用中 that 可以被替换成逗号。
He is so nice that we all like him. -> He is so nice, we all like him.
# in that
意思上等同于 becasue，但是 in that 引导的状语从句只能置于主句之后，而 because 引导的状语从句可以置于主句前后。
# except that
表“只可惜；只不过是”的意思，如果解释为“除了”就不太好了。
He is nice except that he is a little shy.
# since
- 译为“因为”时，相当于 because。
- 译为“自从”时，所引导的状语从句如果是一般过去时，则主语应为现在完成时或现在完成进行时。